What is ADHD?

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects children and can persist into adulthood. It impacts executive functions, making it difficult for individuals to regulate emotions, thoughts, and actions.

Common Challenges Faced by Individuals with ADHD

• Difficulty with behavioral regulation

• Struggles with sustained attention

• Trouble controlling hyperactivity

• Poor emotional regulation

• Weak organization skills

• Challenges in following instructions

• Inability to sit still for long periods

ADHD is typically diagnosed in childhood. Without proper intervention, it can lead to significant challenges in academic, social, and personal life.

How Common is ADHD?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):

• 11% of children in the U.S. (ages 2–17) have been diagnosed with ADHD.

• Globally, around 7.2% of children are affected.

• Boys are diagnosed twice as often as girls due to more noticeable hyperactive symptoms.

Types of ADHD

ADHD presents in four primary types based on the symptoms observed:

1. Predominantly Inattentive ADHD

• Difficulty focusing and organizing tasks.

• Does not exhibit significant hyperactivity.

• Previously referred to as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).

2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD

• Excessive movement, restlessness, frequent talking.

• Acts impulsively and struggles to wait for turns.

3. Combined Type ADHD (Most Common – 70% of Cases)

• Exhibits symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

4. Unspecified ADHD

• Displays ADHD-like symptoms but does not fully meet the criteria for any of the above types.

Difference Between ADD and ADHD

ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) was once used to describe inattentive ADHD. However, since 1994, all forms are classified under the term ADHD, regardless of whether hyperactivity is present.

Symptoms of ADHD

To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must:

• Be present for at least six months.

• Occur in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, workplace).

1. Symptoms of Inattentive ADHD (At least 6 of 9 required for diagnosis)

✔ Trouble paying attention to details, making careless mistakes. ✔ Struggles to maintain focus on tasks or activities. ✔ Often does not listen when spoken to directly. ✔ Fails to follow instructions and complete assignments. ✔ Poor organization and time management. ✔ Avoids tasks requiring prolonged focus. ✔ Frequently loses essential items (e.g., books, toys, keys). ✔ Easily distracted by surrounding stimuli. ✔ Forgetful in daily activities.

2. Symptoms of Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD (At least 6 of 9 required for diagnosis)

✔ Constant fidgeting, tapping, or restlessness. ✔ Frequently leaves seat in situations requiring stillness. ✔ Runs or climbs in inappropriate situations. ✔ Difficulty engaging in quiet activities. ✔ Always “on the go” as if driven by a motor. ✔ Talks excessively and interrupts conversations. ✔ Answers questions before they are completed. ✔ Struggles to wait for their turn. ✔ Often intrudes on others’ conversations or activities.

Causes of ADHD

Scientific research has linked ADHD to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in the frontal lobe, responsible for planning, focus, and impulse control.

Risk Factors for ADHD

✔ Genetics – Highly hereditary, often runs in families. ✔ Premature birth or low birth weight. ✔ Exposure to toxins (e.g., lead, heavy metals). ✔ Prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, or drugs.

ADHD is NOT caused by:

❌ Too much sugar. ❌ Excessive screen time. ❌ Poor parenting. ❌ Socioeconomic background.

Consequences of Untreated ADHD

If left untreated, ADHD can lead to: ✔ Low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. ✔ Sleep disorders and irregular eating habits. ✔ Impulsivity, leading to risky behaviors. ✔ Struggles with relationships and social interactions. ✔ Poor performance in school, work, and daily life.

Diagnosis and Treatment for ADHD

Currently, no single test can diagnose ADHD. Diagnosis is based on behavior reports from parents, teachers, and healthcare providers.

ADHD Treatment Approaches

1️⃣ Behavioral Therapy (First-line treatment for children under 6)

✔ Parent training for better behavior management. ✔ Social skills training for peer interactions. ✔ Executive function coaching (focus, emotional regulation).

2️⃣ ADHD Medication (For children 6+ and adults)

✔ Stimulants (e.g., Methylphenidate) – Fast-acting, highly effective. ✔ Non-stimulants – Longer-lasting, but work more gradually. ✔ Antidepressants – Occasionally prescribed for ADHD-related mood disorders.

ADHD Severity Levels (DSM-5 Classification)

1. Mild ADHD

✔ Symptoms: Minor attention difficulties, slight restlessness. ✔ Impact: Minor struggles at school/work but manageable. ✔ Treatment: Behavioral strategies, structured routines.

2. Moderate ADHD

✔ Symptoms: Frequent difficulties with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ✔ Impact: Noticeable academic and social struggles. ✔ Treatment: Behavioral therapy + educational support. Medication may be recommended.

3. Severe ADHD

✔ Symptoms: Intense, persistent symptoms affecting all life areas. ✔ Impact: Major challenges in education, work, and relationships. ✔ Treatment: Medication, behavioral therapy, specialized education plans.

Conclusion: ADHD Management is Essential

✔ ADHD varies from mild to severe, requiring different support levels. ✔ Early intervention ensures the best outcomes. ✔ A combination of therapy, structured environments, and parental support helps children and adults thrive.